US Use of EMF Weapons Devices on humans

Utilizations of Ultrasound in Medicine Abdominal muscle Assessment Using Waves Presentation Ultrasound is a sound wave with a swaying pressure wave with frequencies extending from 20 kHz until roughly 200 MHz. These frequencies are not perceptible to people. Ultrasonic gadgets are utilized to recognize articles and measure the separation between them. Ultrasound has been all the more much of the time utilized in clinical imaging showing the patient an item in their body or just for the most part taking a gander at their body. Ultrasound apparently is getting well known because of it not transmitting any radiations not at all like X-Rays. [6] Employments of Ultrasound Ultrasound is utilized in the clinical division as a methods for imaging, empowering clinical staff to see the patients body with no serious issues. The most widely recognized utilization of Ultrasound in the clinical division is its utilization in what is called a â€Å"ultrasound scan†. This is utilized to extend a moving picture of a baby inside a pregnant womans body. A case of this can be seen on the left. Ultrasound isn't just used to distinguish unborn babies yet additionally see a few organs in the body through ‘prenatal scanning’: a similar strategy utilized for a ultrasound filter. Since ultrasound effectively reflect off delicate tissue, gel should be added to the piece of the body where the sweep will be directed. A transducer is then used to produce the ultrasound waves and recognize any echoes it gets from the reflected waves. During the way toward checking the waves likewise disintegrate bits of gallstone which dwell inside our organs, with their steady vibrations.[6][7][12] Another utilization of Ultrasound is reverberation sounding. This is utilized by the quality control industry to recognize imperfections in bits of metal. As a ultrasound wave is being gone through the metal, it will arrive at the imperfection region in the metal and the reflected wave that happened to the deformity zone will be gotten by the transducer that transmitted the wave. On the off chance that there is more than one reflected wave it implies the metal is imperfection. [7][12][13][15] â€Å"Ultrasound waves can be utilized by the business for cleaning.†[12] The waves are sent through a liquid and air pockets shaped from the vibration of the ultrasound expel earth from an article. The item which is put in water or another dissolvable has liquid breakdown into the hole deserted from the dissolvable. The air pockets at that point move quickly, evacuating the soil and bringing about a rising above standard of cleanliness.[12][15] Perils and Risks The risks of Ultrasound are impressively low contrasted with different waves. Despite the fact that there is no significant danger in utilizing ultrasound it has its dangers which could hurt the client. Unnecessary introduction to ultrasound influxes of 120dB can prompt hearing misfortune. [6] Unnecessary introduction of ultrasound waves at 155dB will cause cavitation warming up the clients body cells. [6] Extreme introduction to ultrasound floods of 180dB may prompt passing. [6] Cavitation may make the clients cells heat up and summon poisonous responses. [23] Change in cells may cause Intestinal dying. [23] Harm to fetus’s cerebrum may prompt left handedness. [23] Pre-birth sweeps may cause early work, untimely birth, unnatural birth cycle and perinatal passings. [23] Potential incapacities shaped are: epilepsy, dyslexia and deferred discourse improvement. [23] Ultrasound in Physiotherapy â€Å"The point of physiotherapy is to help reestablish development and typical body work in instances of sickness, injury and disability.†. [1] Physiotherapy attempts to fix debilitated body capacities from influenced individuals. Ultrasound has discovered its way into this world, carrying it’s helpful treatment strategies with it. It’s used to treat profound tissue wounds, lessen torment from fits as wells as aggravation and swellings, increment tissue extensibility, accelerate digestion, diminish nerve bothering, upgrade sedate conveyance and accelerate mending. Ultrasound animates the blood flow and the movement of cells to aid the therapeutics. [1] [3] The ultrasound recurrence that is utilized for physiotherapy runs somewhere in the range of 0.7 and 3 MHz. [5] Gel is applied to the patients body to decrease erosion with the transducer and help the transmission of ultrasound waves. The waves are consumed by tendons, ligaments and sash and the therapeutics in fluence apply. [5] Favorable circumstances and Disadvantages Effects Social Impact Hospitalized labor has increased an abrupt ascent since the twentieth century. This is because of the improved medical clinic innovation and effective labor likelihood. [16] Since ultrasound has been a piece of the medical clinics innovation, moms have needed to see a fetal checking of their unborn kid. This has been done on numerous occasions, however society guards addressing if ultrasound examining is. The reality of having the option to see your unborn kid gives ultrasound an or more point to it’s gainful use. It permitted guardians to discover the sexual orientation of their youngster before conveyance and recognize any variations from the norm that may happen during pregnancy. [16] Moral Impact The utilization of ultrasound in pre-birth filtering is by all accounts that it influences the connection among mother and hatchling. The social correspondence is gone and what remains is correspondence through a PC screen showing the hatchling. The mother will at that point use what she sees as opposed to depending on her exemplified information. [17] Ultrasound carries awkwardness to the ethical remaining of the casualty through harmful harm to the person in question. This raises the ethical familiarity with hatchlings and on the off chance that they ought to be presented to the waves transmitted, which can bring harmful harm. Yet, this will at that point corrupt the moms moral remaining as she additionally turns into a survivor of the harmful harm ultrasound can bring. [17] Moral Impact Ultrasound has been most regularly known for deciding the sexual orientation of the baby. Ultrasound is a modest asset since all you need is a transducer and somebody who can work the gadget. In nations like China and India, guardians abuse this strategy by checking the sexual orientation of their kid and afterward choosing to prematurely end it because of the nations inclination of guys. [18] In india there are 250,000 female feticide premature births every year. The legislature has been attempting to propel individuals into esteeming female embryos yet the Economic and Social effects have lead to the event of this moral issue. [18] End Ultrasound is a protected soundwave with a minor likelihood of incredible dangers. Ultrasound has been demonstrated to be gainful and valuable in many ventures and is famous in the clinical business. It’s a technique utilized in physiotherapy to accelerate recuperating and to improve the general therapeutics. Despite the fact that it has differentiating points of interest and inconveniences, and does not merit suggesting it ought not demoralize anybody from utilizing ultrasound waves. Reference index [1] Physiotherapy How It Works . Physiotherapy. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2014. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Physiotherapy/Pages/How-can it-work.aspx>. [2] Rheumatology. Helpful Ultrasound in Soft Tissue Lesions. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/12/1331.full>. [3] Ultrasound in Physiotherapy. Ultrasound in Physiotherapy. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.greatlakes-physiotherapy.com/physiotherapy-ultrasound.html>. [4] Does Ultrasound Work? SaveYourselfca RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://saveyourself.ca/articles/ultrasound.php>. [5] Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_ultrasound#Physical_therapy>. [6] Ultrasound. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound>. [7] Ultrasound. Finish My Exams. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/material science/ultrasound.html>. [8] BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_gateway_pre_2011/radiation/ultrasoundrev2.shtml>. [9] BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_aqa/medical_applications_physics/ultrasound/update/1/>. [10] BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel_pre_2011/waves/soundultrasoundandseismicwavesrev2.shtml>. [11] BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_gateway/radiation/ultrasoundrev3.shtml>. [12] Ultrasound. Ultrasound. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/themes/waves/ultrasound.htm>. [13] What Is Fetal Imaging and Pre-Natal Scanning? What Are the Uses of Ultrasound? N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.gcsescience.com/pwav14.htm>. [14] Uses of Sound Waves. GCSE Physics Uses of Waves Revision. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/material science/employments of-waves/amend it/employments of-sound-waves>. [15] Ultrasound. Amendment World. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.revisionworld.com/gcse-modification/material science/waves/ultrasound>. [16] Ultrasound Technology and Its Social Impact. Yippee Contributor Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://voices.yahoo.com/ultrasound-innovation its-social-sway 6812902.html>. [17] Ultrasounds Risk: Reproductive Autonomy and Epistemic Moral Injury.[emailprotected]. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/iaph/June27/Presentations/5/>. [18] Female Feticide moral Issues of Ultrasound in India and China. Why Is American Health Care so Expensive? N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://whyisamericanhealthcaresoexpensive.blogspot.co.at/2013/03/female-feticide-moral issues-of.html>. [19] BCF Technology. Monetary Benefits of Ultrasound. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.international.bcftechnology.com/learning/livestock/clinical-assets/monetary advantages of-ultrasound> [20] Benefits of the Use of Ultrasound in Physical Therapy. LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 7 July 2010. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.livestrong.com/article/172706-benefits-of-the-utilization of-ultrasound-in-active recuperation/>. [21] Ultrasound Therapy. For Treatment of Sports Injuries. N.p.

Evaluating Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessing Ethics - Essay Example In any case, there is no composed code of morals of the company.1 However, organization chips away at the premise of stewardship in which it characterizes its relationship with the outer world and its part network particularly. This stewardship incorporates some need regions set by the organization which plots its obligations towards the network and outer world. These needs incorporate the dynamic protection of nature, dependable utilization of the outside exercises, adjusting mindful strategic policies to upgrade and improve the outer world, â€Å"foster chances to build support in human-controlled open air diversion, with an emphasis on youth2†. It is a direct result of this explanation that REI has been creating eco-touchy items. â€Å"Everyone at REI is accused of supporting the soul of transparency, trustworthiness and respectability that is so much a piece of the texture of the REI culture. Making the best choice is a lifestyle here. REI has taken a firm position on business morals and social consistence. We hold ourselves and our sellers, both residential and universal, to elevated expectations and pay attention to our pledge to go about as a concerned corporate resident. Our exacting sourcing code guarantees that products conveying the REI mark are made with due respect for laborers and the environment.† (REI) The above statement carefully diagrams different morals of the organization. It not makes reference to about REI’s values yet additionally plainly makes reference to about the responsibility of its representatives. As far as preparing, REI endeavor to convey it on two tallies. One to its representatives and second to its clients so its approach of the protection of nature can be accomplished through advancement of eco-accommodating items. Further, as far as observing, REI fills in as a Co-operation where its individuals are customary guests other than since workers of the association itself have the craving and energy about the outside exercises in this way checking at the organization occur on different tallies. First

Reduce Blog Bounce Rate Essential Tips You Should Know

Reduce Blog Bounce Rate Essential Tips You Should Know Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Reduce Blog Bounce Rate: Essential Tips You Should KnowUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : Romy SinghTopic : SEOShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozjboW CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogItdoesntmatters how much traffic your blog is receiving unless your blog is not making any conversions from that traffic and the one of worst enemy of the conversion killing is your blog bounce rate.IMAGE CREDIT : SEAN DREILINGER/FLICKRIf your blog has higher bounce rate it simply means that your blog visitors are not staying long enough to take any action on your blog. So it’s become very important that we work on lowering down bounce rate. But first let me give you a short intro on what bounce rate really is.Bounce rate is simply defined as ratio of single page visit or visit in which the visitors left your site from the start. In short it tells us that how many visitors bounce out from your sit e without doing anything. So if you want to increase you conversion then keeping your blog bounce rate to its lowest point is most important and first step that we all should take.Don’t get any wrong impression about bounce rate. That lowering down the bounce rate is a rocket science that we all can’t easily learn and master. No guys! It’s not any rocket science if you really want to lower down your bounce rate then you just has to tweak something that is trampling your blog bounce rate. Because one of major villain that kills your blog conversions is bounce rate.So below I rounded up some suggestions and tweaks that you can use to lower down the graph of your bounce rate.Quality Of Your Audience :Quality of audience matters most if you want to decrease your bounce rate. If your blog is about how to make money online then make sure that you drive only those people to your blog who are really searching for make money online or at least they are related to your niche. Because it useless to send visitors who are looking for how to cut the apple.If you are sending these types of people then it’s definite that the graph of your blog bounce rate is going on high. So if you seriously want to decrease your blog bounce rate and increase your conversion rate then make sure your blog is receiving a very highly targeted audience.Layout Design :Be a very careful when you are choosing or designing theme for your blog. Because a creepy looking blog theme is only going to help you to increase your blog bounce rate. Many of bloggers recommend genesis theme for better bounce rate.The look design of your blog can force your visitors to stay on your blog to read more.Content :Content is major player that help us to have lower bounce rate or higher bounce rate. If your content is good enough and informative to read then your blog bounce rate is automatically going to slide down. If not then you are smart enough to know what’s next.Do you know the main power behind high conversion rate and low bounce rate of Copyblogger problogger is their content? They really provide some quality content all around the blogosphere that automatically slide down there bounce rate and slides up their conversion rate.So make sure you also publish some quality content. And never ever publish any copy content from somewhere else because if you do this it’s only going to trample your credibility and your blog. Really content is king…..READ6 Dangerous Search Engine Optimization MistakesRECOMMENDED : 3 Tips To Write Effective Web ContentWhy Content Is Important For Blogs?HOW TO: Brand Your Blog With Unique ContentYou were born original, Don’t end up copying…..Quotes Sayings :Quotes and sayings are smart way to represent a big story in few lines. And not only that quotes and saying also help us to capture the readers mind and keep them engage with our piece of written words. That’s ultimately going to help you in decrease the bounce rate of your blog.So make su re you include some nice quotes saying in your content pie…Grow the user engagement tree :If you’re content pie is really amazing and your readers are enjoying it. Then they defiantly are going to share their thoughts and opinion in comment area. So make sure that you get back to it with appropriate reply. Because this will going to help you to build more credibility and encourages other blog readers to spend some more time to take part into conversations.Too Much External Links :Putting too much external links on your blog also plays a major role in sliding up the bounce rate of your blog. Because many time readers get distracted to see many links and end up on shutting your blog or some time they click on any link and start reading there. So ultimately you are losing your blog readers and at the same time also increasing your bounce rate.So always try to reduce the number of external links on your blog If you want to slide down your blog bounce rate.Plugins Widgets :Advance sorry for those bloggers who’s blog doesn’t run on WordPress. Because this point is only dedicated to all WordPress bloggers. We all know that WordPress has millions of plugins and widgets that gives us ability to do anything with our blog. And there are also some plugins that helps us to reduce our blog bounce rate like popular post, related post, contest, polls etc..Interlinking your blog post :Interlinking is one of very effective strategies that lots of bloggers are using to lower down their blog bounce rate. Because by interlinking your blog post you are helping your readers to discover your writing milestone without wasting your visitor’s efforts. And makes your blog readers to stay on your blog for little while that ultimately going to slide down your blog bounce rate. Make sure your article linking strategy is not distracting your readers.Playing QA with your readers :Do you know the easiest way to keep your blog readers engage with your blog post is by asking some que stions that they are going to answers in comment section or somewhere else. That’s going to help you to slide down your blog bounce rate.So here are my suggestions to slide down your blog bounce rate ends. Now it’s your turn to spread this post and share your thoughts about this post and tips that you uses to lower down your bounce rate in below comment sections…

The Major Goals Of Health Promotion - 1654 Words

Overview/Introduction â€Å"The major goals of health promotion are to help people of all ages stay healthy, optimize health in cases of chronic disease or disability, and create healthy environments† (Pender et al., 2015). This health promotion project is designed to identify and reduce the risk factors associated with several illnesses and disease processes. This project will focus on changing lifestyle behaviors and providing up to date education for the patient to make the best informed decision regarding her environment, health behaviors, and developing a support system with her primary care physician. This patient at present, has several diagnoses of severe illnesses. The purpose of this health promotion project will be to help the patient reduce her risk of mortality due to uncontrolled diseases including diabetes, and hypertension. 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Societal Corruption in Fahrenheit 451 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 648 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Fahrenheit 451 Essay Ray Bradbury Essay Did you like this example? Thesis: In science fiction novel Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury conveys the idea that the suppression of opinion can lead to corruption in society, shown when Guy Montag conflicts with the society and himself. Montag, the stray of the pack, conflicts with the society by going against the government with his promotion of knowledge/reading and rebelling the federation, to further support the main idea that limiting the freedom of opinion can lead to societal corruption. Faber had met up with Guy Montag and told him that, We do need knowledge. Books are to remind (Bradbury 86). Faber agrees with Guy, acknowledging his unique curiosity and advocacy for the citizens of this dystopian society, furthermore obtaining the right of knowledge for those who cannot discern the reason behind knowledge like Guy does. Faber and Guy are both acknowledging reading, and both understand why society must read; their endorsement of intelligence goes against civilization, whose societal values and beliefs are based on the foundation of limiting reading, to prevent corruption within the society. By utilizing their prohibited curiosity, Guy and Faber both defy society and the one idea it holds, disunifying all of its structure and values. While Guy opposed society by pure thinking, he had also gone against the products of society when he, shot one continuous pulse of liquid fire on [Beatty] (Bradbury 119). Guy has just killed Beatty, using this murder as his own unique form of rebelling society and the people that were manipulated for societys irrational beliefs. By killing Beatty, it was his unintentional form of revolting against the government because Beatty, whos a fellow fireman, was only a commodity that came out of the affect in societys attempt to keep an orderly fashion; the murder of firemen, created by the government, inadvertently goes against it which also disunifies the structure of society. Montag, an individual who stands out of the norm for society, conflicts with the environment around him and goes out of what they strive to be, rather, he uses his own methods of revolting to advocate for his own beliefs that others may or may not agree with, which happens to be explicitly prohibited in the society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Societal Corruption in Fahrenheit 451" essay for you Create order In the midst of Montag conflicting with society, he also opposes himself through his doubt and confusion, questioning everything that he has led up to in life, leading to corruption between himself and his thoughts. After having fought with Mildred, Montag realizes that his fate as a fireman was never chosen by him, rather, Was I given a choice? My grandfather and father were firemen. In my sleep, I ran after them (Bradbury 49). Montag starts to begin doubting himself and his decisions, including becoming a fireman, conflicting with himself and getting second thoughts. The act of doubting himself leads to his own corruption, which also effects towards the society because his own doubt is a form of knowledge and opinion; everything the society is trying to prevent. Although Montag begins to doubt his abilities, his doubt comes with confusion and questioning when, Montag hesitated. Was-was it always like this? Our work? (Bradbury 34). Montag has always had a longing to understand why b ooks werent allowed and is not able to understand this longing until getting bewildered by how long the world has continued to disobey books. His confusion right now connects to the constant longing of an explanation towards why knowledge is limited in his society, and only motivates him more to find the true meaning behind books and the reason why they are limited. Montags confusion only allows for himself to be corrupted because, yet again, his baffled thoughts are a form of knowledge and information; although he may be confused as to who had allowed for intelligence to fade into darkness, his confusion is the fuel to light the flame within this darkness to galvanize him into realizing the corruption that has already occurred within society.

Female Immigrant Subjectivities And The Politics Of Voice

During the decade of the eighties in El Salvador, the government would armed forces and recruit children that are approximately twelve years old out of their schools. Since Chava is only eleven years old, he still has a year of innocence, which means a year before he is conscripted to fight against the rebels of Farabundo Marà ­i National Liberation Front (FMLN). Chava’s life becomes at risk since it is a game of survival and he carries negative effects with violence. Although with the love of his mother and with a classmate, Chava finds the bravery to keep positive understandings and stay alert against time before he might get recruited. According to Yahaira Padilla, in Hermanas lejanas? Female Immigrant Subjectivities and the Politics of†¦show more content†¦This film was taken place before by Oscar Torres; the person who co-wrote the script was once situated before becoming a teenager. Torres wanted to parallel his ending when he landed to the United States at the same time when Chava left El Salvador. On the other hand, Luis Mandoki, a Mexican film director that enjoys putting real life situations in a movie. While reading â€Å"Re-membering the Nation: Gap and Reckoning within Biographical Accounts of Salvadoran Émigrà ©s† by Susan Bibler Coutin compares and contrast the narratives of after the Civil War in El Salvador. During those twelve years of war, majority of people were separated because of international emigration and violence (Coutin 2011). In contrast, Coutin argues to the audience that Central American minorities narrate their personal experience just to relink their historical events, just as Torres. There are many war films that can relate to â€Å"Voces Inocentes†, but unfortunately it is rare that a twelve-year-old kid tells the story throughout his own experience. I guarantee that most people would not want to live around a ‘barrio’ that is around with death like the one in this film. On the other hand, Mandoki prefers to show the brutal that military soldiers would do at the time to the children; death and terror. The film tends to bring different tones such like having its humor once in a while and how

Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation

Question: Discuss about the Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation. Answer: Introduction: Cells need glucose for the formation of ATP. ATP is an active molecule in all body cells. The role of ATP is to initiate conformational changes in the cell. The conformational change allows cells to serve many functions like the movement of proteins, enzyme activation, making of proteins, and cell replication just to mention a few. In this case, cells need glucose in order to produce energy. Other than glucose, cells can produce energy from other sources like sugar, fats, proteins, and alcohol (Burmeister, Ayala, Smouse, Rocha Ayala, 2017). Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment based on the changes in the external environment. The maintenance is imperative in order to maintain metabolism. In this case, it is essential for the body to maintain the glucose in the blood by the use of the hormonal system. After there is an elevation of blood glucose, the level of glucose begins to rise because of the carbohydrates, which are digested and absorbed. The rise in glucose level is detected by the beta cells that will produce additional insulin (Stechemesser, Eder, Feldman, Strasser Zandanell, 2017). The insulin produced connects with the proteins in the liver, this leads to more protein channels opening to allow entry of more glucose to enter the blood cells. In addition, the insulin facilitates the enzyme to change glucose into glycogen for storage. The level of glucose in the blood is calculated in terms of milligrams per deciliter. Generally, if there is an imbalance in the level of glucose i n the blood, the pancreas will produce the required amount of insulin in order to bring the glucose to the required range (Soares, Pannu, Calton, Reid Hills, 2017). For a homeostasis, there is always some insulin being produced by the pancreas to meet the fluctuating glucose level in the blood. With an elevated glucose level, glucose will be too high in the body to be absorbed, the amount of insulin will spike in response to the increasing amount of glucose. The spike in insulin levels is to create a balance for glucose in the blood. In most cases, the spike happens too fast, which is almost simultaneous and falls when the amount of glucose falls. Therefore, when there is an elevation of glucose in the blood, the pancreas releases insulin, which brings a balance for intake into the cells (Mulvihill, Varin, Gladana, Baggio Bang, 2017). Getting sufficient vitamin D and calcium is vital for strong and dense bones. Other than building bones, calcium is responsible for a blood clot, muscle contract, and nerve functions. On the other hand, vitamin D is essential for the protection of bones and the absorption of calcium. Calcium can be found foods like dairy products, non- fat milk, cheese, greens, cereals, and bread. Similarly, vitamin D can be received from sunlight, foods, and supplements. Vitamin D can be found in foods like fatty fish, salmon, soy milk, and tuna. Both vitamin D and calcium are necessary for a healthy body (Wang, Wende, Campbell, Nie Balcom, 2017). The body needs sufficient Vitamin D for the absorption of calcium. Both calcium and vitamin D are vital for strong bones. A deficiency of vitamin D and calcium in the body can lead to health complications like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. If these conditions are left untreated, they can lead to brittle bones, soft bones, muscle and bone pain, and general body weakness. In addition, deficiency of vitamin D and calcium can lead to osteoporosis, which is associated with a reduction in the bone density which will lead to a risk of bone fractures and falls (Dawson, Harris, Krall Dallal, 2017) References Burmeister, M. A., Ayala, J. E., Smouse, H., Landivar-Rocha, A., D. J., ... Ayala, J. E. (2017). The Hypothalamic Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Is Sufficient but Not Necessary for the Regulation of Energy Balance and Glucose Homeostasis in Mice.Diabetes,66(2), 372-384. Dawson-Hughes, B., Harris, S. S., Krall, E. A., Dallal, G. E. (2017). Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older.New England Journal of Medicine,337(10), 670-676. Mulvihill, E. E., Varin, E. M., Gladanac, B., J. R., Baggio, L. L., ... Bang, K. A. (2017). Cellular Sites and Mechanisms Linking Reduction of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Activity to Control of Incretin Hormone Action and Glucose Homeostasis.Cell Metabolism,25(1), 152-165. Soares, M. J., Pannu, P. K., Calton, E. K., Reid, C. M., Hills, A. P. (2017). Vitamin D status and calcium intake in systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome: An update on current evidence.Trends in Food Science Technology. Stechemesser, L., Eder, Feldman, A., Strasser, M., ... Zandanell, S. (2017). Metabolomic profiling identifies potential pathways involved in the interaction of iron homeostasis with glucose metabolism.Molecular Metabolism,6(1), 38-47. Wang, Y., Wactawski-Wende, J., Sucheston-Campbell K. M., Nie, J., ... Ochs-Balcom, H. M. (2017). The influence of genetic susceptibility and calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on fracture risk.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,105(4), 970-979.

The Kurds - A Nation Without A State Essays -

The Kurds - A Nation Without a State Introduction Of all the ethnic groups in the world, the Kurds are one of the largest that has no state to call their own. According to historian William Westermann, "The Kurds can present a better claim to race purity...than any people which now inhabits Europe." (Bonner, p. 63, 1992) Over the past hundred years, the desire for an independent Kurdish state has created conflicts mainly with the Turkish and Iraqi populations in the areas where most of the Kurds live. This conflict has important geographical implications as well. The history of the Kurdish nation, the causes for these conflicts, and an analysis of the situation will be discussed in this paper. History of the Kurds The Kurds are a Sunni Muslim people living primarily in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. The 25 million Kurds have a distinct culture that is not at all like their Turkish, Persian, and Arabic neighbors (Hitchens, p. 36, 1992). It is this cultural difference between the groups that automatically creates the potential for conflict. Of the 25 million Kurds, approximately 10 million live in Turkey, four million in Iraq, five million in Iran, and a million in Syria, with the rest scattered throughout the rest of the world (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). The Kurds also have had a long history of conflict with these other ethnic groups in the Middle East, which we will now look at. The history of Kurds in the area actually began during ancient times. However, the desire for a Kurdish homeland did not begin until the early 1900's, around the time of World War I. In his Fourteen Points, President Woodrow Wilson promised the Kurds a sovereign state (Hitchens, p. 54, 1992). The formation of a Kurdish state was supposed to have been accomplished through the Treaty of Sevres in 1920 which said that the Kurds could have an independent state if they wanted one (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). With the formation of Turkey in 1923, Kemal Ataturk, the new Turkish President, threw out the treaty and denied the Kurds their own state. This was the beginning of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict. At about this same time, the Kurds attempted to establish a semi-independent state, and actually succeeded in forming the Kingdom of Kurdistan, which lasted from 1922-1924; later, in 1946, some of the Kurds established the Mahabad Republic, which lasted for only one year (Prince, p. 17, 1993). In 1924, Turkey even passed a law banning the use of the Kurdish language in public places. Another group of people to consider is the Kurds living in Iraq. Major conflict between the Kurds and Iraqis did not really begin until 1961, when a war broke out that lasted until 1970. Around this time, Saddam Hussein came to power in Iraq. In 1975, Hussein adopted a policy of eradicating the Kurds from his country. Over the next fifteen years, the Iraqi army bombed Kurdish villages, and poisoned the Kurds with cyanide and mustard gas (Hitchens, p. 46, 1992). It is estimated that during the 1980's, Iraqis destroyed some 5000 Kurdish villages (Prince, p. 22, 1993). From this point, we move into the recent history and current state of these conflicts between the Kurds and the Turks, and the Kurds against the Iraqis. Causes for Conflict The reasons for these conflicts have great relevance to geography. The areas of geography relating to these specific conflicts are a historical claim to territory on the part of the Kurds, cultural geography, economic geography, and political geography. These four areas of geography can best explain the reasons for these Kurdish conflicts. First, the Kurds have a valid historical claim to territory. They have lived in the area for over 2000 years. For this reason, they desire the establishment of a Kurdish homeland. Iraqis and Turks, while living in the area for a long period of time, cannot make a historical claim to that same area. The conflict arises, however, because the area happens to lie within the borders of Iraq and Turkey. Even though the Kurds claim is valid, the Turks and Iraqis have chosen to ignore it and have tried to wipe out the Kurds. Second, and probably most important,

Famous vs. Infamous

Famous vs. Infamous Famous vs. Infamous Famous vs. Infamous By Maeve Maddox I have long bewailed the misuse of the word famous to apply to bad people, reminding readers that the word for widely known people of ill repute is infamous. Now I’ve discovered that not only is famous erroneously applied to gangsters and murderers, but now the word infamous is being flung about as if it meant noted or simply, known. The site that brought this latest misuse to my attention features a slideshow about male celebrities who are shorter than average. Each slide provides information under the following headings: Height Date of Birth Number of Children Infamous for One or two of the celebrities are â€Å"infamous for† cocaine use, but the information that appears under the â€Å"infamous† heading for the others is nothing to be ashamed of. Here are a few examples of the behavior labeled infamous on this site: was a dishwasher once was the son of scientists sometimes hides his hand in his pocket to conceal its trembling wears thick black horn-rimmed glasses worked in a beauty salon after high school was godfather to another celebrity’s children These acts hardly fit the OED definition of infamous: Of ill fame or repute; famed or notorious for badness of any kind; notoriously evil, wicked, or vile; held in infamy or public disgrace. Here, for example, are some infamous people noted for their infamous acts: Ivan the Terrible Jack the Ripper Pol Pot Heinrich Himmler Adolf Hitler Josef Stalin Delphine LaLaurie Josef Mengele Tomas de Torquemada Actions that warrant the description of infamous include: burning people to death, performing surgical experiments on conscious children, blinding your architects, boiling your treasurer–that kind of thing. The preoccupation with the celebrity of people–famous or infamous–has coined a new expression: â€Å"famous for being famous.† In the past, the usual way to acquire fame or notoriety was to excel at something, whether writing, acting, or governing. With the advent of self-generated publicity, some people manage to become a focus of public attention for nothing at all. Frequently cited examples of this type of non-fame are: the Kardashian sisters, Paris Hilton, Kato Kaelin, Heidi Montag, Kelly Osbourne, and Ivanka Trump. Here are some words other than famous or infamous that may be used to describe a well-known person: well-known prominent famed popular renowned noted eminent distinguished esteemed celebrated respected illustrious acclaimed great legendary lionized notorious Most of these words are applicable to people known for doing commendable things. The other kind of people are perhaps best ignored as much as possible. Famous and Infamous on Newspapers Monsanto to ditch its infamous name after sale to Bayer (www.theguardian.com) - Syrian Kurdish fighters have detained two British men infamous for their role in the Islamic State’s imprisonment, torture and killing of Western hostages, according to Am (www.nytimes.com) on Broadway’s least-discovered northern stretch.Broadway is arguably the most famous thoroughfare in the world (by one measure, 250 million hits on Google versus 6 million for the Champs-Élysà ©es) (www.nytimes.com) Related posts: â€Å"Famous Doesn’t Apply to Murderers or Gangsters† Video Recap Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect ObjectsHyper and HypoA Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases

Ylindrospermopsin Alkaloids Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ylindrospermopsin Alkaloids - Research Paper Example CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The description of cylindrospermopsin alkaloids is such that they consist of three soluble water toxins that comprise of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) (1), 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (7-deoxy-CYN) (2) and also 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin (7-epi-CYN) (3). Researchers have signaled towards certain problems related to the toxicological characteristics of these natural compounds, their existence in water and which was followed by their removal. The structural features of these alkaloids are in fact extraordinary comprising of a sulfonated tricyclic guanidine linked to a uracil ring. The beginning of this analysis centers on the isolation of these innate products followed by the investigation into the environmental impact of cylindrospermopsin alkaloids contamination. (1) Figure 1. The cylindrospermopsin alkaloids of cylindrospermopsin (1),7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) and 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin (3). 1.1 ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Credited to Moore and his team usin g a combination of NMR and mass spetroscopy, the extraction of Cylindrospermopsin (1) took place in 1992 from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. While 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was discovered in 1999, owing to the purification of cylindrospermopsin which was performed on a regular basis. It was also concluded that the derivate of cylindrospermopsin could also exist in the form of a pair of tautomers because of the fact that the uracil ring’s vinylic proton was not identified during the application of the H NMR technique as shown in figure 2. However, as every sample of 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was observed the incidence of the uracil group (4) was confirmed by examining the absorbance maximum (?max). Even... Credited to Moore and his team using a combination of NMR and mass spetroscopy, the extraction of Cylindrospermopsin (1) took place in 1992 from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. While 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was discovered in 1999, owing to the purification of cylindrospermopsin which was performed on a regular basis. It was also concluded that the derivate of cylindrospermopsin could also exist in the form of a pair of tautomers because of the fact that the uracil ring’s vinylic proton was not identified during the application of the H NMR technique as shown in figure 2. However, as every sample of 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was observed the incidence of the uracil group (4) was confirmed by examining the absorbance maximum (ÃŽ »max). Even though, the measurement of approximate quantity was not possible, it was evident that as a mixture of compounds the natural material indeed existed. The discovery of the 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin took place in 20 02 and it was originally established that it was synthesized with Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. The approximation of cylindrospermopsin’s relative stereochemistry was made by considering the unusualtautomer enol presence of the uracil D ring. To explain the concept, uracil D as described in structure 6 is a intramolecularly hydrogen linked to a nitrogen terminus of the guanidine group. The NMR evidence was made to be the basis of the product correlation which understandably led the research participants to conclude that structure 7 was the most appropriate and relevant description of cylindrospermopsin (1).

David Cole Interviews Dr Franciscek Piper Research Paper

David Cole Interviews Dr Franciscek Piper - Research Paper Example The greatest tragedy, however, continues to be the conspiracy that the Holocaust never occurred. In my personal opinion, I don’t know how anyone in their right mind could think for a second that a million people were murdered in concentration camps. It seems David Cole’s facts are based on memories of Holocaust victims, fuzzy memories that are rough around the edges. If I met David Cole, I would ask him, â€Å"What is your worst memory? Please describe it in excruciating detail. I’ll take you to the location and you can tell me each detail exactly. If you can’t do that, then I won’t believe that ever happened to you. I’ll assume you’re making the whole thing up.† How does a society measure the number of deaths that occurred after a horrifying holocaust when the majority of victims lie in mass, un-numbered graves? To the base, the existence of a horrific event on facts that cannot be proven seems a little unfair. Sure, the initial estimate by the Russians was four million then later changed to one million. That’s still one million innocent people. We’ll never know the true number of victims, there’s no way to know that. David Cole claims that Dr. Piper’s memory of the gas chamber appears to be sketchy. Perhaps it is a fuzzy memory, but I’m sure there’s a reason behind that. Why would someone want to remember such a horrifying place? Wouldn’t the human brain involuntarily block that memory for survival purposes? Could a human being continue to live a happy life if he wasn’t able to suppress those memories? I don’t think so. Also, why would millions of other Jews make up such a story?

Middle-Class Homelessness in America Essay Example for Free

Middle-Class Homelessness in America Essay Can you imagine yourself standing in line in hope for a cot at a shelter to share with your family, or waiting for a warm meal in a soup kitchen? This is what many middle-class American citizens have succumbed to. Has the American dream been lost, has the middle-class lost its position in the American economy, and has the inequality of income cause the demise of the middle-class? By focusing on the health care reform and record low unemployment rate we overlook the underlying problem; the dwindling middle-class, the backbone of our country. Many studies have been conducted to define middle-class without much success. It has been attempted to relate it to annual income. One study states that yearly incomes between $32,900 and $64,000, another between $50,800 and $122,000, and the U. S. census bureau middle 60% of incomes is the largest range of all lies between$ 20600, and $102,000 as what defines middle-class. Dan Horn notes in the Cincinnati Enquirer â€Å"Psychologist Ken Eisold, a contributor to Psychology today, said, though, that the way people describe their social status has more to do with what’s going on in their heads than their wallets. † Eisold goes on to say that â€Å"it’s really more about identity†. Horn adds that Julie Heath, director of the University of Cincinnati’s Economics Center agrees with Eisold that saying, â€Å"We’re a middle-class family has more than a financial connotations to it, it has a salt-of the earth to it. That’s the bed rock. Essentially this shows that Americans do not base their social status on their income alone, but also on their personal accomplishments and views of where they have come from and where they are going. That being said, the bed rock of the middle-class comes from one of the most common descriptions what living in America is all about; the great American Dream. History tells us that this emotion connected with being middle-class started showing up in the 1830’s. In these times people came to America hoping for the best, and they clung to ideas of how they would make it. They believed that if those ideas and values were kept, that they were middle-class, even if they were not financially. This is how the idea of the Leave it to Beaver life style came into being. In the 1950’s men took white collar jobs while women stayed home and maintained their house and families. They bought homes in the suburbs, nice family cars, and made safe investments. This provided them a sense of stability and many believed this is what the American dream is all about. Today, in pursuit of the dream, to maintain their middle-class status many Americans have higher incomes than their parents did but both parents are working. Yet while doing the best that they that they can possibly do, many are watching their dreams shatter. Erin Currier, director of the Pew Economic Mobility Project, said â€Å"stability is one of the biggest threats to the middle class today. † She goes on to say, â€Å"Though born into middle-class, many fall out by adulthood. † This is due to inflation of basic needs such as health care, day care, college funding, and the rise of the inequality of income. One term often referred to when relating to the middle-class crisis is Income Gap. As defined on the internet by investapedia. om, the income gap is the unequal distribution of household and individual income across the various participants in an economy. A sociology and political science professor at the University of Arizona who studies income inequality and poverty, says that over the past three decades â€Å"is slow income growth compared to general economic growth†¦ a bigger and bigger portion of economic growth has occurred to the wealthiest 1 %, whether the measure is basic wages or total compensation,† says Lane Kenworthy. (CQ researcher 3) There is political risk involved with this shift that is greater than economics and family finances. A large middle class, especially one that is politically active, tends to be a kind of anchor that keeps our country from swinging back and forth. There are typical values that middle-class families acquire and pass on to their children and those values tend to be good for democracy,† states Teresa Sullivan, provost and executive vice president for academic affairs at the University of Michigan, and the co-author of The Fragile Middle Class: Americans in Debt. (CQ Researche r 2) The new millennium looked very hopeful for the war on poverty in America. The federal poverty rate was the lowest it had been since 1974 according to CQ Researcher. The next 4 years even better with Housing prices doubling in many cities and increase in home equity loans that brought the Home-ownership rate up to an all time high of 69 percent. In 2008 we would not only see the sand shift out from the false growth of the economy led by the banks and lending companies but our government bail the banks out with $700 billion rescue bill, They did not however bail out the borrower and many lost their homes. Leading to the current middle class crisis. These issues, the rise of the inequality of income and the shattering of the American dream, have led us to the downfall of the middle class. In more recent years the middle-class are finding themselves not only having a decrease in their income due to layoffs and downsizing, but while not able to maintain their dream are losing their homes due to foreclosures. They are now finding themselves sleeping in their cars, if fortunate to still have one. They are waiting in lines for food and shelter, and bathing in gas station rest rooms, standing on street corners and highway exit’s begging for money or work. I have a personal interest in this research because I consider myself a middleclass American who lived through these years of the housing crisis and recession, I have lost a business, I am dealing with the short sale of my home and a threat of foreclosure, I have suffered through divorce and currently I am a struggling single mother. In conclusion the decline of the middle-class has hit very close to home. Although the hope of the American dream dies a slow death in my own heart, because of the continual economic status and burden of the cost of living rising, many like me are losing hope.

Supply and Demand Essay -- Economy Economics Supply Demand Essays

Supply and Demand Every organisation which provides goods or services to fee paying customers must, by its very nature, charge price for that good or service, to pay for its costs, have retained profits for investments and to keep its shareholders happy. In theory, the market price of any good or service is determined by the interaction of forces of demand and supply. There is an old saying, that ?if you can teach a parrot to say ?demand? and ?supply? you have created a trained economist.?1 There is some truth to this saying as most problems in the economics can be examined by applying the rules of demand and supply. Therefore, the concepts of demand and supply can be claimed to be among the most important in economics. In order to understand either of them it is necessary to examine the factors that determine them. Although, a good?s price relative to other goods is probably the most important factor influencing demand for most goods most of the time, there are other factors as well. These are disposable income, the price of complimentary goods and substitutes, tastes and preferences, expectations, size of population, advertising. Suppliers on the other hand are interested in making profits, and thus anything that affects profitability affects the supply. These include the price of other products, costs, technology and goals of firms. a) The price of any product is determined by the interaction of the forces of demand and supply. The market price is set at the point, where demand equals supply, equilibrium. This can be seen from figure 1. For the purpose of this essay we will look at the prices of beer. We can see that, the price is set at 1.65, where D intersects S. Fig. 1 The Penguin dictionary of economics defines demand as ?the desire for a particular good or service supported by the possession of the necessary means of exchange to effect ownership?, while supply is defined as:? the quantity of a good or service available for sale at any given price?2. When an economist refers to the demand for a product he means effective demand, which may be defined as ?the quantity of the commodity, which will be demanded at any given price over some given period of time.?3 However, the price of the good or service varies according to the changes in either demand or supply. In order to show that it is necessary to... ...ng under?, if their shareholders are not satisfied they will sell shares and the company will be vulnerable to take-over bids. In conclusion, it can be seen that the principles of demand and supply have a theoretical influence on price determination. The theory provides a useful and simple tool in determining the price of a product by the means of demand and supply, an equilibrium price. However, the theoretic approach, uses many assumptions, which limit the application of theory to the real business environment. It is useful for academic purposes, while it is difficult to imagine that actual businesses will follow it in the business planning process. It is also difficult to use it as the theory assumes the perfect market, which does not exist, with few exceptions, newsagents being one of these. In other forms of competition firms would base pricing decisions on expected decisions of their rivals (oligopoly), or would decide by themselves taking into account only their needs (monopoly). Thus, it can be concluded that companies would adopt their pricing policy on the environment they operate in, probably without even using the theory of demand and supply.

Education Beyond the Classroom

The assignment is going to outline how ‘Eureka! A Museum for Children’ plays a part in learning outside the classroom environment. The museum will be examined to see how it plays a role in life-long learning. We define learning outside the classroom as: â€Å"The use of places other than the classroom for teaching and learning. † Every young person should experience the world beyond the classroom as an essential part of learning and personal development, whatever their age, ability or circumstances.Learning is a process of active engagement with experience. It is what people do when they want to make sense of the world. It may involve the development or deepening of skills, knowledge, understanding, awareness, values, ideas and feelings, or an increase in the capacity to reflect. Effective learning leads to change, development and the desire to learn more. (DfEE 2000) Learning outside the classroom is about raising achievement through an organised, powerful approa ch to learning in which direct experience is of prime importance.This is not only about what we learn but importantly how and where we learn. (Learning Outside the Classroom (2006)) †¦ museums and galleries †¦, in themselves, understood as educational establishment. They were set up to enable people to educate themselves†¦ Museums were one opportunity among many of acquiring knowledge. (Hooper-Greenhill 1994, p. 1) Museums are still very much thought of as educational establishments but the audience for whom they cater for varies very much from one museum to another.Formal and informal educations are two terms that are used to describe the type of education that a person receives. Formal is the set ‘curriculum’ that is taught in the traditional school setting. Whereas informal education is the curriculum taught in museums or other institutes that are outside of the schools. (Hein 1998, p. 7) Children’s museums are not museums in the traditional sen se. They are different in their missions, in their approach and in their specifically targeted age-group. (Pearce 1998, p. 19) Eureka! s a museum that has been specially designed for a specific age group, and is the UK’s first and foremost museum for children. Historical context of Eureka! Eureka was first opened in July 1992 by HRHThe Prince of Wales, as an educational charity, the idea for Eureka was modelled on the North American concept of a Children’s Museum and remains to be the only museum of its type and scale. The basis of children’s museums is in interactivity, learning by doing, learning through fun, learning through play. (Pearce 1998, p. 6) Since it has opened it has enjoyed unrivalled success, proving popular with children, parents and teachers alike. At Eureka! there are over 400 hands on, must touch exhibits, each teaching children more about themselves and reflecting the world in which they are growing up in, it is achieved by a fun approach to learning and development. Eureka! meets National Curriculum requirements, it has six themed galleries and a full programme of interactive workshops covering an imaginative range of curriculum themes to support Foundation, KS1 and KS2 learning.The education service aims to take the hassle out of school visits by providing fully structured itineraries, picnic and storage facilities, staff support, teaching resources and work sheets. Museums are the world of ‘infotainment’ and ‘edutainment’ where people have fun but also learn something. (Pearce 1998, p. 80) Learning Experiences Teachers are provided with an education resource pack which includes detailed notes on how to get the best from each of the museum’s section and indicates links to the National Curriculum. There are also special workshops which may be booked for school classes. (Pearce 1998, p. 7) The museum also provides special designed packages for the school holidays and Science activities, also sleepovers that have to be pre-booked.‘Me and My Body’ encourages children to find out more about themselves by using the exhibits to discover how the body and the five different senses work, also it enables visitors to use various aids to experience what it is like to have a disability. ‘Living and Working Together’ that recreates an environment where visitors can discover the mysteries of daily life and try out the jobs people do in the many buildings on a high street and in the house.. Our Global Garden’ helps children the familiar ‘backyard' to amazing gardens that exist in the world. It is themed around seven different ‘gardens'; each telling their own unique story, whilst emphasising the inter-relationships between them, finding out what makes them precious and how best to look after them. ‘SoundSpace’ provides children with a unique experience, enabling them to explore and understand sound, music and performance t hrough state-of-the-art technology, by exploring the physics of sound by seeing and feeling vibrations and creating their very own musical sequences.Throughout the experience, Sound Space aims to enhance the understanding of Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) by exploring the unique relationships that exist between music and creativity, science, technology and the arts in a fun and accessible way. Over the past three years Eureka! has been the lead partner for Creative Minds, a ? 3. 8 million pound regional initiative to encourage children’s interest and learning in STEM; to help in the creation of a future workforce. The ‘Creative Minds' project is to provide young people with learning opportunities in STEM from 2003 to 2006.Over 15,000 learning opportunities have been delivered to both young people, their teachers and those who work in the sector. (Publication Material, Creative Minds (2005)) ‘SoundGarden and Desert Discovery’, these galler ies aim to extend opportunities in the museum for babies and young children to develop their senses and stretch their imaginations. These galleries support early education principles of learning through play, reflecting the intentions of the Birth to Three Matters framework and the Foundation Stage curriculum.It is expected that the lifespan of exhibits vary from 5-7 years and that the cost of devising, designing, fabricating and installing new exhibits in the future will need to be raised from various sources including charitable foundations and corporate sponsorships. (Pearce 1998, p. 67) The latest two galleries opened in 2004 and respectively in 2005. The museum needs to keep abreast of changes in school education; for example, the National Curriculum, that now emphasises on practical experience. (McLean 2003, p. 113)Meticulous care is taken when devising and developing new exhibits for a children’s museum, to ensure that they will engage the target audience and enable th em to learn as well as have fun. Exhibits are tested and modified in the light of children’s reaction and views. There are opportunities for comments and suggestions. As child-centred organisations the museums concentrate their resources on ensuring that they serve the needs of the children. (Pearce 1998, p. 113) The learning experiences found in Eureka! helps the child to make sense of the world around them by making links between feelings and learning.This is part of life-long learning as these feelings stay with the child into adulthood and affect their behaviour, lifestyle and work. It influences their values and the decisions made. It allows the child to transfer learning experienced outside to the classroom and vice versa. A commitment to life-long learning can demonstrate a positive social role for a museum and can also meet the demands from funding bodies for demonstrating public benefit and greater public accountability. (American Association of Museums 1993 cited in McLean 2003, p. 114) InclusitivityEureka! is a registered Educational Charitable Trust, in 1987 with the support of the museum’s patron, HRH The Prince of Wales, business sponsorship, government grants and the local council, it found its town centre site in Halifax, it later opened in 1992. The museum is situated five minutes from the motorway in Halifax town centre, next to the railway station on a 12. 5 acre site. It is a two storey, visible steel, stone and glass exposed structure. The whole site is accessible to wheelchair users and there is level access with a lift between floors.The convenience of location and ease of access is an important dominant of usage, the access includes physical access for those who are physically disabled. A limited number of wheelchairs are available on loan and also has special parking for them. It has not debarred the disabled and has attempted to provide for their needs. (McLean 2003, p. 134) For anyone with visual or hearing impairments, there is a full range of multi-sensory, highly stimulating exhibits available. Programmes can be adapted for particular needs as long as the museum is informed beforehand for school groups.Museum information is available in large print and houses a ‘Talking map’ that talks in four different languages. It is ideal for partially sighted individuals but it does not include any Braille for the blind people, so in this case it is a disadvantage for this certain group. Throughout the entire museum there is no inclusion for the blind, even though the galleries and the museum are designed so that these consumers are still able to visit, but it can not be done alone, they need someone to accompany them but the essential carers are admitted free.The talking map also caters for people whose first language is not English. The site is well lit, with colourful lighting that attracts and engages the children into wanting to explore. The signage for directions are appropriate for the audience for whom it caters for, the children mostly, they are all big and colourful with pictures as well as writing. The gallery signage and information is at average eyelevel for all aged grouped children and legible. The toilets for both the able and disabled toilets are clearly marked and changing facilities are also available.The museum was established as an educational charity and not for profit organisation, therefore Eureka! receives no government funding and must rely upon admission fees. These admission fees combined with transport costs mean that individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds or in areas of deprivation are missing out on the experiences that are offered. The prices are debarring a group of individuals from using the museums. These independent museums depend on visitors, it is consumer oriented, and has to be user-friendly, so it has an instinct and a need to reach out and serve their public. Sekers cited in McLean 2003, p. 30) The museum has offers for educa tional visits and large groups in order to reduce the cost of the visits to the museum, but on an individual family outing the prices are fixed. (Eureka! Publication Material, Appendix I) Health & Safety The building has its own risk assessment form that must be filled out before a group of children are allowed to visit for educational school visits. The building and exhibits are designed to minimise risk of injury from slips, trips, falls and finger traps.All elements of the museum are constantly monitored and modified to meet current safety standards. All the signage is marked and the dangers indicated. The museum has a lost children procedure is in place with the staff having the appropriate confirmed by national qualifications. The museum has qualified First Aiders on duty every day and the staffs are checked for relevant criminal history. The maintenance activities are carried out in accordance with HSWA 1974 and MHSW Regulations 1999 by trained technicians.Electrical and porta ble appliance testing is carried out annually in accordance with 16th Edition Regulations. Also, the fire evacuations and training are carried out in accordance with Fire Risk Assessment and Fire Certificates. Group leaders are advised to carry out their own risk assessment in accordance with their organisations aims. (Appendix II) The museum provides the teachers with information sheets for each area of the museum. The risk assessments are available for operations and activities as appropriate with again all the signage clearly marked.As the museum is designed for ‘hands-on’ the risk assessment on all the equipment and facilities are checked daily and regularly to ensure they comply with safety regulations. Eureka! is covered by public liability and Employers liability insurances and has written accident and emergency procedures in place. Eureka! is licensed by local authority regulations for all safety, fire, plant and lifting equipment and appropriate certificates ar e held. ConclusionThere can be no absolute blue print for children’s museums beyond the key characteristics mentioned previously. Otherwise each group or organisation will have its own emphasis and idea of what makes their museum special and important to its area. Diversity is one of the strengths of the movement. The emphasis is always on learning, exploring, on discovery. For that reason, in developing a British model it may be appropriate to adapt the term children’s discovery centre or children’s discovery museum for future use.

Salaries and Benefits of US Congress Members

The salary and benefits paid to the Senators and Representatives of the U.S. Congress is a constant source of public fascination, debate—and most of all—fake news.   For example, one massively-sent email states, â€Å"Many citizens had no idea that members of Congress could retire with the same pay after only one term.† Well, maybe many citizens do not have that idea, because it is just flat wrong. Another infamous email demanding passage of a mythical â€Å"Congressional Reform Act† claims members of Congress do not pay Social Security taxes. That, too, is wrong Salaries and benefits of members of the U.S. Congress have been the source of taxpayer unhappiness and myths over the years. Here are some facts for your consideration. As of 2019, the base salary for all rank-and-file members of the U.S. House and Senate was $174,000 per year, plus benefits. Salaries have not been increased since 2009. Compared to private-sector salaries, the salaries of members of Congress is lower than many mid-level executives and managers. Rank-and-File Members: The current salary (2019) for rank-and-file members of the House and Senate is $174,000 per year. Members are free to turn down pay increase and some choose to do so.In a complex system of calculations, administered by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, congressional pay rates also affect the salaries of federal judges and other senior government executives. Congress: Leadership Members Salary  (2019) Leaders of the House and Senate are paid a higher salary than rank-and-file members. Senate Leadership Majority Party Leader - $193,400Minority Party Leader - $193,400 House Leadership Speaker of the House - $223,500Majority Leader - $193,400Minority Leader - $193,400 Pay Increases   Members of Congress are eligible to receive the same annual cost-of-living increase given to other federal employees if any. The raise takes effect automatically on January 1 of each year unless Congress, through the passage of a joint resolution, votes to decline it, as Congress has done since 2009. Benefits Paid to Members of Congress You may have read that Members of Congress do not pay into Social Security. Well, thats also a myth. Social Security Prior to 1984, neither Members of Congress nor any other federal civil service employee paid Social Security taxes. Of course, they were also not eligible to receive Social Security benefits. Members of Congress and other federal employees were instead covered by a separate pension plan called the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). The 1983 amendments to the Social Security Act required federal employees first hired after 1983 to participate in Social Security. These amendments also required all Members of Congress to participate in Social Security as of January 1, 1984, regardless of when they first entered Congress. Because the CSRS was not designed to coordinate with Social Security, Congress directed the development of a new retirement plan for federal workers. The result was the Federal Employees Retirement System Act of 1986. Members of Congress receive retirement and health benefits under the same plans available to other federal employees. They become vested after five years of full participation. Health Insurance Since all provisions of the Affordable Care Act or â€Å"Obamacare† took effect in 2014, members of Congress have been required to purchase health insurance plans offered through one of the Affordable Care Act-approved exchanges in order to receive a government contribution toward their health coverage. Prior to the passage of the Affordable Care Act, insurance for members of Congress was provided through the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHB); the government’s employer-subsidized private insurance system. However, not even under the FEHB plan was the insurance â€Å"free.† On average, the government pays from 72% to 75% of the premiums for its workers. Like all other federal retirees, former members of Congress paid the same share of premiums as other federal employees. Retirement   Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Those elected prior to 1984 were covered by the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). In 1984 all members were given the option of remaining with CSRS or switching to FERS. As it is for all other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3 percent of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2 percent of their salary in Social Security taxes. Members of Congress become eligible to receive a pension at the age of 62 if they have completed a total of 5 years of service. Members who have completed a total of 20 years of service are eligible for a pension at age 50, are at any age after completing a total of 25 years of service. No matter their age when they retire, the amount of the members’ pension is based on their total years of service and the average of their highest three years of salary. By law, the starting amount of a Member’s retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of his or her final salary. Can They Really Retire After Only One Term? Those mass emails also claim that members of Congress can get a pension equal to their full salaries after serving only one term. That one is partly true but mostly false. Under the current law, which requires at least 5 years of service, members of the House of Representatives would not be eligible to collect pensions of any amount after serving only one term, since they come up for reelection every two years. On the other hand, U.S, Senators — who serve six-year terms — would be eligible to collect pensions after completing only one full term. In neither case, however, would the pensions be equal to the member’s full salary. While it is highly unlikely and has never happened, it is possible for a longtime member of Congress whose pension began at or near 80% of his or her final salary could — after many years of accepted annual cost-of-living adjustments — see his or her pension rise to equal his or her final salary. Average Annual Pensions According to the Congressional Research Service, there were 611 retired members of Congress receiving federal pensions based fully or in part on their congressional service as of October 1, 2016. Of this number, 335 had retired under CSRS and were receiving an average annual pension of $74,028. A total of 276 Members had retired with service under FERS and were receiving an average annual pension of $41,076 in 2016. Allowances Members of Congress are also provided with an annual allowance intended to defray expenses related carrying out their congressional duties, including official office expenses, including staff, mail, travel between a Members district or state and Washington, DC, and other goods and services. Outside Income Many members of Congress retain their private careers and other business interests while they serve. Members are allowed to retain an amount of permissible outside earned income limited to no more than 15% of the annual rate of basic pay for level II of the Executive Schedule for federal employees, or $28,400.00 a year in 2018. However, there is currently no limit on the amount of non-salary income members can retain from their investments, corporate dividends or profits. House and Senate rules define what sources of outside earned income are permissible. For example, House Rule XXV (112th Congress) limits permissible outside income to salaries, fees, and other amounts received or to be received as compensation for personal services actually rendered. Members are not allowed to retain compensation arising from fiduciary relationships, except for medical practices. Members are also barred from accepting honoraria - payments for professional services typically provided without charge. Perhaps most importantly to voters and taxpayers, member of Congress are strictly prohibited from earning or accepting income that may appear to be intended to influence the way they vote on legislation. Tax Deductions Members are allowed to deduct up to $3,000 a year from their federal income tax for living expenses while they are away from their home states or congressional districts. Early History of Congress Pay How and how much members of Congress should be paid has always been a debated issue. America’s Founding Fathers believed that since congressmen would typically be well-off anyway, they should serve for free, out of a sense of duty. Under the Articles of Confederation, if U.S. congressmen were paid at all, they were paid by the states they represented. The state legislatures adjusted their congressmen’s pay and could even suspend it completely if they became dissatisfied with them. By the time the first U.S. Congress under the Constitution convened in 1789, members of both the House and Senate were paid $6 for each day there were actually in session, which was then rarely more than five months a year. The $6 per-day rate remained the same until the Compensation Act of 1816 raised it to a flat $1,500 a year. However, faced with public outrage, Congress repealed the law in 1817. Not until 1855 did members of Congress return to being paid an annual salary, then $3,000 per year with no benefits. Sources and Further Reference Brudnick, Ida A. â€Å"Congressional Salaries and Allowances: In Brief.† Congressional Research Service (April 11, 2018).Feran, Tom. â€Å"Can members of Congress retire with full pay after just one term?† Politifact Ohio (January 11, 2013)