Friday, December 27, 2019

The Dance Of Mental Illness - 2066 Words

What is the dance of Mental Illness? It is not surprising that with tragic events like ongoing wars, terrorist threats, and an uncertain economy that Americans are experiencing powerful emotions. It is appropriate and healthy for most people to have feelings of anxiety, sadness, anger, and grief. Some people however are having debilitating reactions to life. This is especially true for those who live with serious mental disorders like bipolar disorder, depression, substance abuse, anxiety, and or PTSD. Some of these people are disabled and caught in the Dance of Mental Illness. This paper will make known the Dance of Mental Illness, and will show that it is treatable through a biblical approach. The mental illness dance is a person who is†¦show more content†¦Downtrodden depicts the plight of ancient Israel meaning: â€Å"crushed, oppressed, persecuted, and tyrannized.† He gives strength to the weary and increases the power of the weak: â€Å"But those who wait on t he LORD shall renew their strength† (Isaiah 40:28-31) . Jesus is the healer! Heal means: â€Å"to make sound or whole (heal a wound), to cause (an undesirable condition) to be overcome.† Mental Illness and its solution are as old as man. What is a crisis? â€Å"†¦crisis is a perception or experience of an event or situation as an intolerable difficulty that exceeds the person’s current resources and coping mechanisms.† According to the normal crisis pattern there are four phases to a crisis. They are the impact phase, the withdrawal and confusion phase, the adjustment phase, and the reconstruction reconciliation phase. This chart is primarily used in counseling situational crisis that are sudden and unexpected. The mental illness dance is strongly associated with phase two, withdrawal and confusion. The response to life by people in crisis is full of emotions like anger, guilt, fear, anxiety, and depression. Their thinking is clouded and indistinc t. Individuals who are stuck in this phase can develop long term mental illness, causing disability and a need for medication. Many of these individuals suffer with existential crisis that are related to things such as life purpose, direction, and spirituality. Here are two case studies that depict the mental illness dance. These case

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Standard Issues Aicpa - 993 Words

Standard Issues: AICPA The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has created a code of professional conduct that all certified public accountants must follow. This code of conduct lists the responsibilities CPAs have when working with a company s financial information. The AICPA also includes information regarding the integrity, objectivity, independence and due care that CPAs must use when working in the accounting industry. The AICPA offers an ethics course for accountants to refresh their understanding of accounting ethics. The AICPA professional code of conduct is designed to protect the individual and users of the company’s financial information. The accounting scandals of Enron, WorldCom and Sunbeam during the†¦show more content†¦The Code of Professional Conduct could not possibly proscribe every action that is to be avoided. In light of the strict principles and rules of the AICPA, accounting ethics has been deemed difficult to control as accountants and auditors must consider the interest of the public which relies on the information gathered in audits while ensuring that they remained employed by the company they are auditing. They must consider how to best apply accounting standards even when faced with issues that could cause a company to face a significant loss or even be discontinued. Due to several accounting scandals within the profession, critics of accountants have stated that when asked by a client what does two plus two equal? the accountant would be likely to respond what would you like it to be?. This thought process along with other criticisms of the profession s issues with conflict of interest, have led to various increased standards of professionalism while stressing ethics in the work environment. From the 1980s to the present there have been multiple accounting scandals that were widely reported on by the media and resulted in fraud charges, bankruptcy protection requests, and the closure of companies and accounting firms. The scandals were the result of creative accounting, misleading financial analysis, as well as bribery. For example, various companies had issues with fraudulent accounting practices, including Enron, WorldCom and AIG. OneShow MoreRelatedHomework Week 1 Accounting984 Words   |  4 Pages1-2. Identify and describe the five environmental differences between governments and for-profit business enterprises as identified in the Governmental Accounting Standards Boards Why Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting Is—and Should Be—Different. The five environmental differences include mission/purpose, source of revenue, potential longevity, relationship with stakeholders, and role of budget. The mission/purpose is defined by the goals of the organization. The purpose of aRead MoreUnethical Business Practices Of Multinational Companies1512 Words   |  7 Pagesconvergence of accounting standards remains a challenge, so has a set of ethical standards. The need for a global set of standards has become paramount over the last decade. Through my extensive review and research of literature, there appears to be an ongoing need for convergence. The study concludes that through cooperative efforts, between governing bodies such as AICPA and IFAC, we are on the right track in terms of acceptability. â€Æ' Global Set of Accounting Standards The need for a single setRead MoreAcc/537 Week 1 Basic Accounting Concepts980 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization has developed a standard of reporting that has been accepted because of the universal application (pg. 6, Kieso, Weygandt, Warfield, 2007). There are four organizations that are evolved in the development on the GAAP in the United States and offer significant authoritative support; Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and the Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) (pg.6Read MoreBasic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures971 Words   |  4 Pagesfor effective accounting information. Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures Basic accounting concepts and business structures are important to a business’s success. Using generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) brings a standard to financial statements. There must also be effective accounting information. A company can choose to use cash basis accounting or accrual basis accounting. Generally, GAAP does not accept cash basis accounting. A company can decide what typeRead MoreAmerican Institute Of Certified Public Accountants1179 Words   |  5 PagesCertified of Public Accountants (AICPA), was founded in the United States of America. The professional organization was founded in 1887, to help ensure that the accounting profession will gain the same respect as the other prestigious occupations have received from the public. The accounting profession, similar to the medical, legal, and engineering profession, is characterized by â€Å"†¦rigorous educational requirements [150 credit hours], high professional standards, a strict code of professional ethicsRead MoreMultinational Corporations And The Standards Of Their Home Country That Have More Than One Way For An Issue1397 Words   |  6 Pages multinational corporations are starting to use the accounting standards of their home country that might have more than one way for an issue, IASC has gained encouragement to create standards for transparent reporting and applicably consistently and consistently with the world, standard setters for securities and nationally are finding standard setters for other standard setters. 1B The auditor helps assure that accounting standards are be applied correctly all the time. The auditors are expectedRead MoreEssay about Enron Case637 Words   |  3 Pagesauditing standards? If so, list those standards and briefly explain your rationale. a) General Standard #2: The auditor must maintain independence in mental attitude in all matters relating to the audit (AICPA, 2012). Anderson did not practice independence from the company they were auditing. They were too involved in too many of Enron’s activities. b) General Standard #3: The auditor must exercise due professional care in the performance of the audit and the preparation of the report (AICPA). TheyRead MoreExcello Telecommuncations1587 Words   |  7 Pageswants to move the sale quickly. Because of storage issues by the Data Equipment, the sale will have to occur in January 2011 when the buyer will have adequate space to hold the equipment purchased. Terry wants to make the revenue at all costs and will do whatever it takes to make it happen. That type of motivation can create questionable decision making that can potentially violate laws and the AICPA Code of Conduct. Excello Legal Issues The failure to meet earnings estimates are of significantRead MoreExplaining Basic Accounting Concepts And Business Structures853 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment to comprehend all aspects of finances in various business. The standard that FASB has worked identifies the sources of accounting principles and the blueprint for choosing which principle to use in the preparation of financial statements. According to Intermediate Accounting Wiley, the standard categorizes the major sources of GAAP consist of: FASB Standards, Interpretations, and Staff Positions; APB Opinions; and AICPA Accounting Research Bulletins. The sources of principles are as followsRead MoreThe Cap Issue Accounting Standards1001 Words   |  5 Pages1 a. In order to develop a comprehensive set of accounting standards, The Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP) was formed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants(AICPA) in 1939. However, the CAP issue accounting standards case-by case without overall accounting theories. In addition, CAP requires all members be AICPA members, ignoring financial execs, academics and investors. In 1959, CAP was replaced by the Accounting Principles Board (APB). The board members of APB were from

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Drug addiction Essay Example For Students

Drug addiction Essay Drug addiction Essay as a Psychobiological Process The emphasis is on biological mechanisms underlying addiction, although some other factors influencing drug addiction will also be discussed. The presentation is limited primarily to psychomotor stimulants (e.g., amphetamine, cocaine) and opiates (e.g. , heroin, morphine) for two reasons. First, considerable knowledge has been gained during the past 15 years regarding the neurobiological mechanisms mediating their addictive properties. Second, these two pharmacological classes represent the best examples of potent addictive drugs, and the elucidation of their addiction potential can provide a framework for understanding abuse and addiction to other psychotropic agents. Some psychologists and sociologists assert that animal studies do not model the important psychological variables governing drug addiction. They suggest that psychological processes critical in the etiology of addiction cannot be studied in animal models and/or that environmental influences important in producing an addiction cannot be duplicated in animal studies. This position is generally untenable, and animal models have been developed that accurately represent the primary processes involved in drug addiction. Family is something important to every person on this earth. Drug addicts get distant with their families because the thing that matters to them most is drugs. Not only do the drug abusers get distant from their families, their families gets distant from them. Because of drugs you might lose your job ; the boss might see that you are not functioning properly and may let you go. Your friends will not be as nice and generous to you as they were. They will start ignoring you. These so called stimulants can lead a person to become very aggressive. As the drugs wear off, a persons body is hungry for more. Thats when you become aggressive and mad. You will try to do anything to get more drugs so the pain will go away. Many people steal money from their parents or their spouses. Some sell their bodies and some kill other people for drugs. This is why there is so much violence in this world today. People are ruining their lives by abusing drugs. They die from this poison. Many lose their family and friends. And many kill others just for the drugs. If you want to make this world a safer and more kinder place to live in start by being clean. Other people will appreciate it. You might even set an example to others who look up to you. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- .

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

The History of Computer Technology Essay Example

The History of Computer Technology Essay Throughout the last 60 years, computer technology has advanced from simple phone relays to machines with almost full consciousness. As we tried to make computers better, the size began to change as well. The size of a computer went from small to room size and down to the credit card sized computers of today. From the size of a computer to the power consumption of one; the computer has changed and evolved to an item almost any American can’t go minutes without. During the nineteen thirty’s mechanical calculators were being produced and trying to be improved on. Any computer that was fast, at the time were giant room size punch card readers. The machine would be replaced, but with another room sized machine. These computers used a binary code but in a physical capacity. George Stibitz was a man that worked in â€Å"The Bell Telephone Laboratories†. George created the first electrical binary circuit and started the computer revolution. His idea is the basis for almost every computer until the relays were outdated by the small transistors and vacuum tubes. The calculators were not for your math homework. Almost every one of these computers were used for military reasons. Most bombing plans were created and done with the computers. The only problem with these computers is that they had no memory so almost every time they had to have an input anytime a new calculation was entered. The scientists working on these computers noticed the problem. But John von Neumann a famous mathematician at the time, had plans for a computer with digital storage and the ability to store a program. This computer was called EDVAC, this was a step into a smaller computers. Since there was finally digital storage, there was no need for physical plugs or switches to transfer data. These were switch boards, plug boards, punch cards and paper readers. But EDVAC wasnt the first computer to do this John von Neumann just had the first idea for the idea. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Computer Technology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Computer Technology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Computer Technology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On June 2

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Homeschooling as a Valid Alternative to Formal Education

Homeschooling as a Valid Alternative to Formal Education Homeschooling is a form of education which implies that children should be taught by parents or by tutors at home, rather than in the formal setting of public or private schools (Vahid 9). This is the main peculiarity that should be kept in mind. It is estimated that in the United States at least 2.2 percent of school-age children are educated at home (Vahid 9). However, this trend is likely to become more popular in the future. This is why educators and policy-makers pay close attention to the advantages and disadvantages of homeschooling.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Homeschooling as a Valid Alternative to Formal Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper is aimed at discussing the peculiarities of this approach in greater detail and its impact on learners, especially their academic performance and socialization. Overall, it is possible to argue that homeschooling can be a valid alternative to formal education provided that parents and tutors can properly design courses and foster intellectual and psychological development of a child. Moreover, there is no evidence which can confirm the alleged negative effects of education at home, especially lack of social skills. Admittedly, there are certain difficulties, but parents and tutors can cope with them. This is the main thesis that should be examined in greater detail. One of the main questions that should be examined is the academic performance of children who were educated in this way. This is the main criteria to which educators and parents usually pay attention to. On the whole, the results of standardized tests indicate that the test scores of these learners are not lower in comparison with those learners who attended private or public schools (Lines 81). This trend can be observed in many areas of study such as mathematics, natural sciences, languages, and other disciplines. Moreover, many of them show better results than th eir peers (Lines 81). In this case, one should also speak about the integrity of homeschooling which means that a tutor, who works with a single child or a very small group of children, is more able to ensure that each of them understands the topics or questions that should be examined. Under such circumstances, a learner has virtually no opportunities for cheating. Certainly, one can say that these children could not perform equally successfully in public or private schools. In fact, they could easily achieve similar results. Nonetheless, it is not possible to argue that homeschooling impedes academic attainment of learners. They are able to meet the requirements set by educational organizations that are governed by the state. This is one of the main aspects that should be considered by policy-makers who determine the legal status of homeschooling. Furthermore, it is important to note that homeschooling provides more flexibility to children and parents. For instance, the teacher ca n choose the order of topics that should be covered. Similarly, a learner will have more opportunity to review the previous material and evaluate his/her knowledge. As a result, he/she can acquire in-depth understanding of the material. This is one of the main issues that should be considered. Certainly, school educators also try to offer these opportunities to students, but their work is affected by time constraints. Apart from that, the study of academic performance among homeschoolers indicates that there are no gaps between the representatives of various cultural and racial groups (Clincy 18). This is one of the reasons why many African-American families prefer homeschooling. To some degree, these cases suggest that homeschooling does not obstruct the learning of a child. In many cases, it can even be beneficial. This is the main issues that can be identified.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Admittedly, there are certain risks that can be closely tied to homeschooling. They are often mentioned by the critics of this educational approach. It is necessary to determine whether these concerns are justified. In this case, one can speak about lack of socialization. It is sometimes believed that homeschooled children practically do not interact with their peers. According to a popular stereotype, they struggle with low self-esteem and many other emotional problems. However, there is very little evidence showing that home-schooled children are alienated from the peers. In contrast, many of these children can have an active social life, and they are not necessarily separated from other children or teenagers. This is one of the main stereotypes that should be refuted. Furthermore, the study carried out by Drenovsky and Cohen suggests that these learners can be well-prepared for college life (19). They can successfully adapt to the situation when they are not monitored by parents and tutors (Drenovsky and Cohen 19). Additionally, they are more likely to regard their college life in a positive way (Drenovsky and Cohen 19). This is one of the things that many college students lack. Therefore, lack of socialization is not widespread among homeschooled learners. Furthermore, it is believed that these students are more resistant to the effects of peer pressure (Saliger 1). In fact, they are accustomed to self-sufficiency and independent decision-making. Moreover, these children can avoid the dangers of bulling which is very widespread in many private schools. These are some of the main benefits that homeschooling can bring. Therefore, one cannot say that this approach to education adversely affects the social skills of children or adolescents. Admittedly, one cannot say that the children, who attend public or private schools, are inevitably exposed to bullying or negative peer pressure. These problems can be managed by school teachers. Howev er, homeschooling does not impede the social life of a child and his/her ability to establish relations with other people. This is one of the main points that can be made. Additionally, the critics of homeschooling argue that this form of education is mostly motivated by the religious beliefs of parents (Lines 76). Many of these people can be intolerant of other religions. Therefore, some people can assume that these parents can only stress religious education of children. Moreover, the critics can argue that these parents who do not want their parents to be exposed to the theories which can run contrary to their beliefs, for instance, the theory of evolution. Nevertheless, some of the arguments put forward by the critics are not quite valid. For instance, in the majority because parents prefer homeschooling because they are dissatisfied with the quality of education offered at public schools (Vahid 9). In this case, parents speak mostly about the failure of teachers to ensure the d evelopment of students’ skills such as critical thinking and analysis (Vahid 9). Thus, it is not reasonable to argue that homeschooled children can develop religious dogmatism. This assumption contradicts the empirical findings derived by researchers. This is one of the main issues that should be taken into account by people who believe that homeschooling can adversely affect a child. Very often, the concerns that they raise are based on stereotypes, rather than empirical findings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Homeschooling as a Valid Alternative to Formal Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Certainly, parents should not assume that homeschooling will inevitably bring benefits to their children. This approach will require full commitment of parents who will need to dedicate a significant amount of time to this task. This activity is time-consuming and challenging. Moreover, these people should have significant expertise in education, psychology, instructional design, and other areas. If they lack these skills, homeschooling is not likely to be effective. Additionally, they should regularly assess the progress of their children according to the standards that are set for public or private schools. In this way, they can detect possible problems at an early stage and make necessary corrections. Provided that tutors or parents do not cope with this task, a child may not be able to acquire relevant knowledge and skills. Apart from that, much attention should be paid learning resources that children can use. For instance, students can acquire knowledge of physics and other natural sciences, if they have an opportunity to experiment in a laboratory. This is another issue that not be disregarded by parents. On the whole, these examples indicate homeschooling is associated with some difficulties that cannot be underestimated. However, it is impossible to argue that parents and tutors c annot educate children at home. This is one of the main issues should be taken into account. These are the main issues that should be considered by parents, teachers, and policy-makers. On the whole, various peculiarities of homeschooling have not been fully examined, but at this moment, researchers have not identified risks that cannot be managed by parents and tutors. This is the key issue that should be taken into consideration. Finally, parents should not suppose that homeschooling is not compatible with formal education. In many cases, parents choose to foster their children’s learning at home by explaining various topics to them. This strategy can be widespread among people who have expertise in a certain area of study like mathematics, physics, literature, and so forth. In many cases, this assistance can be of great value to students who may not understand some complicated topics or concepts. These learners can significantly improve their academic performance. Thus, on e can argue that homeschooling can supplement education in formal education. In many cases, this approach to learning and teaching can be very productive. This discussion indicates that homeschooling can indeed suit the needs of both parents and teachers. The academic performance of homeschooled children has been examined by educational researchers, and it is not inferior to the performance of students educated in formal setting. This is one of the main points that should be taken into account. Moreover, the social skills and their psychological development are not impaired. However, this approach is applicable in those cases, when parents and tutors have an in-depth understanding of instruction methods, learning theories, and psychological development of children and teenagers. These are the main challenges that parents should be aware of. However, these challenges can be overcome. This is why homeschooling can be a valid alternative to formal education, but parents should know wha t kind of obstacles they will need to surmount.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Clincy, Sekou. The Socialization of the African American Child: In Contemporary America, New York: AuthorHouse, 2010. Print. Drenovsky, Cynthia K., and Isaiah Cohen. The Impact of Homeschooling on the Adjustment of College Students. International Social Science Review 87.1 (2012): 19-34. Print. Lines, Patricia. Homeschooling Comes of Age. Public Interest. 140 (2000): 74-85. Print. Saliger, Lena. The Homeschooling Movement in the United States of America, New York: GRIN Verlag, 2010. Print. Vahid, Amy. Homeschooling: A Path Rediscovered for Socialization, Education, and Family, Boston: Lulu, 2007. Print.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Kennedy Last Name Meaning and Origin

Kennedy Last Name Meaning and Origin The Irish and Scottish surname  Kennedy  has more than one possible meaning or etymology: A name that means ugly head, a surname derived  from the  Anglicized form of the Gaelic name Ó Ceannà ©idigh, meaning descendant of Ceannà ©idigh.  Ceannà ©idigh is a  personal name derived from ceann, meaning head, chief or leader and à ©idigh, meaning ugly.An  anglicized form of an Old Gaelic personal name Cinneidigh or Cinneide, a compound of the elements cinn, meaning head, plus eide,  translating variously as grim or helmeted. Thus, the Kennedy surname could possibly be translated as helmet head. Kennedy is one of 50 common Irish surnames of modern Ireland. Surname Origin:  Irish,  Scottish (Scots Gaelic) Alternate Surname Spellings:  KENNEDIE, CANNADY, CANADY, CANADAY, CANNADAY, KENEDY, OKENNEDY, CANADA, KANADY, KENNADAY, KANADAY Interesting Facts About the Kennedy Surname The OKennedy family were an Irish royal dynasty, a sept of the Dl gCais, founded in the Middle Ages. Their founder was the nephew of  High King  Brian Boru  (1002–1014). It is said that the famous  Kennedy family  of the United States descends from the Irish OKennedy clan. Where in the World Is the Kennedy Surname Found? According to WorldNames public profiler, the Kennedy surname is most commonly found in midwest Ireland, specifically the counties of Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, Waterford, Kilkenny, Laois, Offaly, Kildare, Wexford, Carlow, Wicklow and Dublin. Outside of Ireland, the Kennedy surname is most commonly found in Australia, and in Nova Scotia, Canada. Famous People With the Surname Kennedy Joseph Patrick Kennedy -  American businessman, investor, and politician, and father of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and Senator Ted Kennedy.John F. Kennedy - 35th president of the United StatesFlorynce Kennedy - American lawyer, activist, civil rights advocate and feministGeorge Kennedy - American actor Genealogy Resources for the Surname Kennedy Kennedy Society of North AmericaSeveral hundred active members belong to this society,  a non-profit social and historical organization interested in the Scots, Scots-Irish, and the Irish Kennedys (including spelling variations,) and their descendants who came to America. Kennedy Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Kennedy surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Kennedy surname query. Kennedy Family DNA ProjectA Y-DNA project set up on FamilyTreeDNA to utilize DNA testing to help prove a family connection between Kennedys and related surnames when a paper trail cannot be established. FamilySearch - Kennedy GenealogyExplore over 3.8 million results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the Kennedy surname and its variations on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Kennedy Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Kennedy surname. DistantCousin.com - Kennedy Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Kennedy. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York:  Oxford University Press, 2003. MacLysaght, Edward.  Surnames of Ireland. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1989. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Performance - Essay Example Team learning and group dynamics are two of the most important imperatives of organizational behavior that significantly impact performance outcome. Effective team work constitutes one of the most important factors that make valuable contribution to the organization promoting a sense of togetherness and collective responsibility that reflects in the increased output and improved performance of the organization. Argote claims that team learning processes involve collective acquisition, combination, creation and sharing of knowledge and that they are considerable influenced by the internal team dynamics (Argote, 1999). Leadership within the team inspires others to achieve common goals through persuasive communication skill. Leadership motivates and encourages that target group within the group that plays a crucial part in the development processes. Group dynamics play crucial role in the smooth functioning of the organizations. The rapid globalization has ushered in an era of multicultural society with people from different race, culture and nationality. Workplace diversity has become common feature and understanding of cross cultural values for mutual trust building has become important. Group dynamics are characterized by unique code of behavior that is specific to the group that is developed over a period of time. According to Hartley ‘value congruity between personal values and perceived value†¦ increased acceptance of that group’ (Hartley, 1960). It is further argues that participation within the group has positive effect on both attitude and job performance (Vroom, 1959). Indeed, emerging new managerial leadership must encompass a very important aspect of organizations, that of making effort to involve employees in the decision making process. The leadership has recognized the importance of people’s